简体中文
时态
英语时态是两个维度的组合:时间(过去、现在、将来)× 体(一般、进行、完成、完成进行),理论上有 16 格。我以前也把一个常见说法当成规则:英语动词没有「将来时」的形态——will do 里的 will 是情态动词,be going to 是短语,「将来」靠词汇手段表达。这里先列出 16 格全景,再整理九种常用时态;每种时态的主例句可点读。
16 格全景
| 时间 \ 体 | 一般 | 进行 | 完成 | 完成进行 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 现在 | do / does | am / is / are doing | have / has done | have / has been doing |
| 过去 | did | was / were doing | had done | had been doing |
| 将来 | will do | will be doing | will have done | will have been doing |
| 过去将来 | would do | would be doing | would have done | would have been doing |
不必平均用力:日常与考试的重心在一般现在、现在进行、一般过去、过去进行、现在完成、过去完成、一般将来、现在完成进行、过去将来这九格里,其余七格能认出来即可。「过去将来」一行多出现在间接引语与叙事里(详见下文)。
九种常用时态
一般现在时
结构:do / does(三单 +s)
- 习惯与常规:
- 客观真理:Water boils at 100 degrees.
- 时刻表与固定安排(按 timetable 说死的将来):
易错:三单忘加 s;状态动词(know、belong、love、want)不用进行时,I am knowing 是错的。
现在进行时
结构:am / is / are + doing
- 此刻正在:
- 现阶段的持续(未必此刻):I am writing a book these days.
- 与 always 连用表抱怨或赞扬的感情色彩:
一般过去时
结构:did(规则动词 +ed)
- 过去某时发生且与现在切断的动作:I saw him yesterday.
- 常与明确的过去时间状语连用:last year、in 2010、two days ago。这是它与现在完成时互斥的根源。
过去进行时
结构:was / were + doing
- 过去某刻正在进行的背景动作:(read 是延续背景,ring 是插入打断)
- while 连接两个并行的背景:While she was cooking, he was setting the table.
现在完成时
结构:have / has + done
核心是「过去的事在现在留下结果或联系」,所以它与现在对话,不与明确过去时间点同框:
- 结果在现在:I have lost my keys.(现在还没找到)
- 持续到现在:We have lived here for ten years.(现在还住着)
- 经历(到目前为止的人生清单):She has been to Japan twice.
标志词:already、yet、just、ever、never、since、for、so far、recently。 头号易错:不能与明确的过去时间点连用,I have seen him yesterday 是错的,要么 I saw him yesterday,要么 I have seen him recently。判定口诀:句子里有具体过去时间点就用一般过去,没有且强调对现在的影响就用现在完成。
过去完成时
结构:had + done
「过去的过去」——站在过去某个时刻回看更早的事:
- (到达是过去,开演更早)
- 叙事里交代前情:She told me she had finished the report.
- hardly … when / no sooner … than 的倒装句型:Hardly had he sat down when the phone rang.
注意 alone 不成立:过去完成必须有一个「过去参照点」,没有参照点就用一般过去。
一般将来时(五种表达)
| 表达 | 侧重 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| will do | 临时决定、预测、承诺 | |
| be going to do | 事先打算、有迹象的预测 | Look at those clouds. It is going to rain. |
| 现在进行 | 已敲定的安排 | We are meeting the clients at ten. |
| 一般现在 | 时刻表(见上) | The plane takes off at six. |
| be about to do | 马上就要 | Hurry up! The show is about to start. |
will 与 be going to 的分工:桌上空杯顺手说 I will get some water(临场决定);早就约好 We are going to move next month(事前打算)。
过去将来时
结构:would do / was going to do
站在过去说「以后」:间接引语的后退一格(He said he would come)、以及叙事里的「未遂将来」:I was going to call you, but I forgot(本来打算,没做成)。
现在完成进行时
结构:have / has been + doing
动作从过去某点开始,延续到说话时刻(且多半还在继续),并带有过程的「辛苦感/量感」:
- (等了两小时,还在等)
- 与现在完成的结果读法对比: vs
三组高频对比
一般过去 vs 现在完成——就是「切断」与「联系」之争:
| 一般过去 | 现在完成 | |
|---|---|---|
| 时间轴 | 过去某点,门已关上 | 过去发生,线连到现在 |
| 典型状语 | yesterday, in 2010, ago | already, yet, since, for |
| 例 | I lost my keys yesterday. | I have lost my keys.(还找不着) |
have been to vs have gone to:He has been to Paris(去过,回来了);He has gone to Paris(去了,人还没回来)。一个经历,一个下落。
when vs while:when 引导的动作可长可短可瞬间(I was reading when he called);while 引导延续性动作,常与进行时搭(While she was cooking, …),还可表对比(I like tea while he likes coffee)。
主将从现全规则
时间(when/once/until/as soon as)、条件(if/unless)、让步(even if)从句里,用一般现在时代替将来,主句才能用 will:
- (不是 as soon as I will arrive)
- Unless it rains, the match will go on.
三个常见例外要认得:if 表「愿意」:If you will follow me, please(请愿语气);whether…or not 可接 will:I don't know whether it will rain or not(这不是条件从句,是宾语从句,规则不适用);条件从句里用现在完成表「完成前提」(If you have finished, let's go)。
时态呼应(间接引语)
主句谓语是过去时,宾语从句整体后退一格:一般现在 → 一般过去,现在完成/一般过去 → 过去完成,will → would,can → could:
- (原话:I am busy.)
- He told me he had seen the film.(原话:I have seen the film.)
不后退的情形:从句内容是客观真理(The teacher said that water boils at 100 degrees.)、或所述之事现在仍然成立(She said she is coming tomorrow,明天还没到,说的时候用 is 依旧自然)。